The role of Syrian diaspora activists has been identified as key to both supporting and shaping the world’s image of the Syrian uprising. We Syrian Community Network is a 501(c)3 refugee and immigrant support organization that builds community and serves families by addressing their evolving needs. It presupposed a clear-cut Syrian identity that was not actually present in the Syrian-Lebanese and Arab continuum. This diaspora has brought many of the Syrian liturgical traditions to both neighboring and distant countries. This is reflected in the interviewees’ personal views on their ethnic identity and acculturation, as well as media Jun 30, 2020 · Syrian Diaspora mobilization for peace. The mapping and study seeks to provide a basis for further engagement with the Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals. This report is the result of a collective May 14, 2021 · Armed conflicts do not only generate migration but are also influenced by migrants. 8%. Jan 15, 2020 · By 2010, some 30,000 Syrian immigrants already lived in Germany (Worbs et al. Using interview data from leaders in three Syrian diaspora non-profit organizations, this paper examines the social mechanisms used to ensure accountability within the challenging environments where the organizations operate. They are the second largest Arab community in Finland after Iraqis . 1 One of their major contributions is to publicize information that regimes seek to repress. UNU-Merit Dr. The compounding crises of recent years and months – from the COVID-19 pandemic to the war in Syrian diaspora. Syrian Mexicans are Mexicans of Syrian origin. people of Syrian origin living outside Syria. Making Music in the Syrian Diaspora. Within That is why pre-2011 efforts by the Syrian government to mobilize the diaspora in South America, which included the creation of the Ministry of the Expatriates in 2002 and Bashar al-Asad’s visit to the region in 2010, mostly failed. Its story contrasts with the dire situation of desperate boat people and helpless refugees. e. The escalation of the humanitarian crisis and outpouring of refugees led to further mobilization and collective solidarity efforts by the new Syrian diaspora, who worked together with old Syrian diaspora communities to alleviate the suffering of the Syrian population, including internally displaced persons (IDPs) inside Syria and Syrian Based on interviews with leaders of diaspora organizations providing aid to forced migrants in Lebanon, Turkey, and inside Syria, this article addresses several unique advantages that Syrian diaspora nonprofit organizations may bring to the table when aiding migrants in Middle Eastern host states of the global South. Syrians in Sweden are citizens and residents of Sweden who are of Syrian descent. Mar 18, 2017 · Created in Germany in 2015, but drawing its players from the Syrian diaspora throughout Europe, the orchestra is further evidence of Syrian musicians’ adaptability. The Path Forward is a CSIS Humanitarian Agenda series of reflections from humanitarian organizations on the challenges in food security, disrupted health systems, humanitarian access, civilian protection, and, ultimately, recovery for the Syrian people. UNU-MERIT and its School of Governance have been commissioned by GIZ to carry out a diaspora mapping study on the Syrian diaspora in Germany. In this context, the article contains the results of qualitative research on the use of social media by Syrian Syrian Diaspora 4 F or almost 40 years, the Syrian Ba‘thist regime/al-Asad family restricted Syrians’ public space to develop civil society. That is well above the $36,000 median Syrian BraziliansSírio-brasileirosالبرازيليون السوريون. 2 million Syrians remain internally displaced in their own country where 70 percent of the population is need of humanitarian assistance and 90 Sep 6, 2017 · The picture of the Syrian diaspora in Turkey, as exemplified later in this chapter, supports the claim that being away facilitates the ability to put activities related to the homeland into practice, but at the same time it constitutes a problematic situation in terms of fully and/or intentionally making the conditions in the host land free of 8 Homeland (Dis-)Engagement Processes among the New Syrian Diaspora was published in The Contemporary Middle East in an Age of Upheaval on page 137. When the Assyrians conquered Israel in 722, the Hebrew inhabitants were Syrian Diaspora Mapping Study. . , shedding light on their challenges as well as The Syrian American diaspora organizations remain active in raising funds, providing direct services, partnering with international aid agencies, advocating for principled action and access through their government representatives in the US, and working to bridge divides between locally led responses and international agencies. Second, they enable donor 5 governments to advance their own foreign policy interests in the homeland. In 2024, an estimated 16. The Syrian diaspora is economically self-sufficient and composed of well-integrated communities across the world. The history of Arab Americans dates back to the late 19th century with the arrival of Syrian and Lebanese diaspora from the Ottoman Empire. Finally, Syrian diaspora groups provided transnational activists with access to data and evidence in Syria that enables them to enhance their reputations as leaders in the global justice and accountability movement. The Syrian Observer has not verified the content of this story. Against the backdrop of four different country-specific contexts, this report examines the asylum and integration experiences of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, Turkey, Germany and the U. The cook is embroiled in a series of controversies. The impact of social media on both the representation of the crisis and immigrants’ behavior has been already analyzed in several works. [1] [2] [3] In a wider sense, the Data from the Central Bureau indicated that Syria’s population at the outset of 2020 stood at 28. [1] Jan 24, 2018 · This study empirically examines how the Syrian community in Italy engages with its homeland and receiving country on social media. This article examines the multifaceted media work of Syrian diaspora activists, conceptualized as “cultural brokerage” in a global and national setting. Syrians are good people like anyone else obvi. diaspora. His critics claim that he is out of touch Ten informants (5 Syrian residents + 5 Syrian diaspora members) from each of the five different cultural– religious groups (Sunni, Alawite, Christian, Druze, Ismaili) were sampled. The median annual wage for Syrian immigrants in the United States is $52,000. In the absence of any form of transition, the diaspora engages in what we call prospective transitional justice mobilization. However, due to limitation in sample size, the sample cannot be considered representative of any part of Syria or the nations with Syrian emigres. Dekker et al. Upload media. Syrian diaspora in Africa (2 C, 1 P) Syrian diaspora in North America (4 C, 4 P) Syrian diaspora in South America (2 C, 6 P) Syrian diaspora in the Middle East (4 C, 10 P) Syrian emigrants (29 C, 4 P) Syrian-Jewish diaspora (2 C, 1 P) Dec 13, 2016 · Syrian immigrants earn good wages, with high levels of educational attainment. Has part (s) Syrian Americans. Syrian diaspora refers to Syrian people and their descendants who chose or were forced to emigrate from Syria and now reside in other countries as immigrants, or as refugees of the Syrian Civil War. Jahd Khalil. Digital communication technologies (DCTs) introduce new opportunities and challenges for diaspora to advance transitional justice. This research highlights the key facets of the Syrian diaspora’s engagement with the waves of internal displacement in the context of the crisis in Syria. Understanding its power and tapping into its financial and intellectual capital is an effective way to unlock its potential to become an active player in the reconstruction of future Syria. [2] Sweden hosts the largest number of Syrian refugees outside of Middle East, aside of Germany. Listen to the podcast below or on iTunes , Stitcher , SoundCloud and other podcasting apps. According to Statistics Norway, as of 2012-2014, the percentage of Syria-born immigrants in Norway with a persistently low income averaged out at 52. Demography [ edit ] The 2011 UK Census recorded 8,526 people who stated that they were born in Syria and reside in England ; 322 in Wales , [2] 379 in Scotland [3] and 31 in Northern Ireland . According to the 2000 census, there were 246 Syrians living in Mexico. The movement of a people, forced or unforced, establishes a desire to bring their culture with them. thresholds, Syrian diaspora groups are able to work in areas that the international community is either unable or unwilling to. It is based on the author’s experience Diaspora Engagement. While they have become an increasingly assimilated part of Syrian society, they have maintained a distinct identity, having Mar 20, 2018 · Smugglers’ narratives, stories of the Syrian diaspora in different European states, and images of wealth and prosperity portrayed in media all influenced what refugees expected to find in European states upon arrival (cf. This multifaceted study of Syrian immigration to the United States places Syrians-- and Arabs more generally--at the center of discussions about race and racial formation from which they have long been marginalized. [1] Aug 30, 2023 · Global Syrian Diaspora's Swift Action and Cross-Border Collaboration with Local Partners. N. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the She is the author of Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian American Diaspora (2009). Apr 7, 2017 · Since the Syrian conflict broke out in 2011, members of the diaspora have been working to create opportunities for their fellow Syrians—now refugees in the countries hosting them, by reinvesting in these countries and their businesses there. The Syrian revolution, and the tragedies that followed, formed a crucial point in Syria’s history and the lives of its people. " Arab Routes charts a radical new history of the early Syrian community in Southern California, revealing its fascinating cross-border, multilocal, and multiethnic networks and coalitions across the US, Latin America, and the Arab world. The aim of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the Syrian peoples who have become, within the past four years, part of our Canadian citizenry, local communities, and members Jan 21, 2022 · In fact, Syrian diaspora mobilization provides unique insight into the ways in which diasporas mobilize for justice when the prospect of successful implementation is low. The Syrian diaspora is no exception. They have done so in Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, as well as in the Gulf and Europe. Aug 18, 2022 · The Syrian diaspora’s political influence in Venezuela peaked at the turn of the century, under the leadership of former president Hugo Chavez, who died in 2013. The Eastern Aramaic -speaking Assyrians claim descent from the ancient Assyrians and are one of the few ancient Semitic ethnicities in the Near East who resisted Dec 14, 2020 · The Syrian Diaspora today is a complex topic that speaks to issues of dislocation, displacement, loss, exile, identity, a desire for belonging, and resilience. This article was translated and edited by The Syrian Observer. This restriction has not been limited to Syrian territory, but in fact has in some ways has spread to Syrians immigrating to the US. Wikipedia. 4 million Syrian refugees are registered as refugees in neighboring countries. Nearly 12 years since the beginning of the Syrian civil war crisis, more than 6. Aug 21, 2018 · Introduction. In 1890, there were more than 1,000 Syrians residing in the country [citation needed], but the vast majority emigrated to the United States because of the Syrian civil war . This article proposes three DCT-enabled mechanisms that shape diaspora engagement with transitional justice politics and processes, developed through an analysis of diaspora responses to rights violations in Syria. This webinar will look at the diverse characteristics of the Syrian diaspora and discuss the potential role of the Syrian diaspora in reconstruction, healing, and contributing to a future political The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: תְּפוּצָה, romanized : təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת gālūṯ; Yiddish: golus) [a] is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe. svg. From 1820 to 1860 almost two million Irish immigrants arrived in the United States, where they eventually became a huge part of the population. 6 million more being internally displaced (UNHCR, 2015, 2016). Jul 26, 2017 · Podcast. Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled in New York City, Boston, and Detroit. Beck et al. Nora Jasmin Ragab nora. : Map of the Syrian Diaspora in the World. agencies. Coordinating disaster response across an umbrella HRA activated its Haitian Diaspora Emergency Response Unit diaspora in Germany, 2) to map and document Syrian diaspora organisations, associations and initiatives based in Germany as well as their development potential, and 3) to develop recommendations regarding a context-specific and conflict-sensitive strategy for approaching the Jan 26, 2018 · Findings regarding the media consumption in terms of identity and integration of members of the Syrian diaspora living in Stockholm displayed a group with strong ties to its homeland, regardless of time spent in Sweden. Since 2011, more than 14 million Syrians have been forced to flee their homes in search of safety. Apr 28, 2023 · While the war in Syria appears to be frozen, the struggle of the global Syrian refugee community has not ceased. Syrian descendants in São Paulo. Finally, and most problematically in the case of the Syrian diaspora, Anderson defined the nation as ‘sovereign’, arising as it did with the waning legitimacy of divinely ordered dynasties. Between Arab and White focuses on the first wave of Arab immigration and settlement in the United States in the years before World War II, but also continues the story up to the Mar 10, 2021 · Much of the Syrian diaspora is relatively new, composed of millions of people who fled a war that has torn the country apart since 2011, when protesters sought to oust President Bashar al-Assad. The largest are in Brooklyn, Deal, New Jersey and Miami. Like all the other tragedies, like confronting the occupation and the Six Days War, this point of history recreates the general awareness and opens a new start that reaches all aspects of society. In general, the Syrian diaspora is economically self-sufficient and composed of well-integrated communities spreading across the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Over a single decade, and mainly due to organized violence and forced migration, the number of Syrians living Syriac Christianity ( Syriac: ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto or Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) is a branch of Eastern Christianity of which formative theological writings and traditional liturgies are expressed in the Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language. Syrian chants have been spread throughout regions of the world by Syrian immigration. They moved to Syria after the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. The Assyrian diaspora ( Syriac: ܓܠܘܬܐ, Galuta, "exile") refers to ethnic Assyrians living in communities outside their ancestral homeland. The same is true of Feb 11, 2019 · ABSTRACT Digital communication technologies (DCTs) introduce new opportunities and challenges for diaspora to advance transitional justice. As large-scale government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) struggle to respond, what strategies and comparative advantages might Syrian diaspora non-profits have when navigating this complex operational environment? Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: from the Jews who inhabited the region of today's Syria from ancient times (known as Musta'arabi Jews), and sometimes classified as Mizrahi Jews (Mizrahi is a generic term for the Jews with an extended history in Western Asia or North Africa); and from the Sephardi Jews (referring to Jews with an Syrians ( Arabic: سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, who have Arabic, especially its Levantine dialect, as a mother tongue. The New Arab traces the history of this disparate group and how they fared in a rapidly changing environment. It describes the progressive increase in numbers of Syrian refugees in different European countries during recent years and gives a demographic profile of the Syrian refugee population. Download the podcast. The number of Syrians in Austria is estimated at around 18,000 people in December 2015, and it consists mainly of refugees of the Syrian Civil War. More than 7. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 512 × 230 pixels. Based on personal interviews with activists in exile in five countries, this study identifies and Aug 2, 2023 · In the case of Syrian diasporic theatre, this decoupling of nation and territory is an originating trauma repeatedly processed through performance. Diaspora journalists and digital media play an important role as stakeholders for war-ridden homeland media landscapes such as Syria. “Diaspora” has emerged as a popular term of self-identification as well as academic analysis. Mar 2, 2019 · Episode 404. Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as of April 2024. Sep 30, 2013 · The role of Syrian diaspora activists has been identified as key to both supporting and shaping the world’s image of the Syrian uprising. In the host country, Syrian diaspora organisations serve as a trusted point of contact for newcomers and facilitate their first orientation in the new “home”. First, diaspora can promote transitional Jul 16, 2021 · The new Syrian diaspora has made significant achievements in transitional justice. S. Reply reply. The report focuses on the organisational framework, transnational links and practices of Syrian diaspora groups, by taking into account both internal dynamics and potential lines of conflict as well as the contextual factors in the country of origin and destination. Diaspora activists perform a number of vital roles in the fight for democracy and human rights. 7 million people in Syria are assessed to need humanitarian aid, marking a 9% increase from the previous year, according to U. nl Postdoctoral Research Fellow Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Eleni Diker Eleni Aug 7, 2018 · The survey results indicate that the Syrian diaspora is high in power distance, moderate in. One of the notable aspects was the swift reaction by global Syrian diaspora organizations in the Syrian crisis, both by the old Syrian diaspora and by newly arrived Syrian refugees in Europe, Turkey and other hosting countries. The Jewish state comes to an end in 70 AD, when the Romans begin to actively drive Jews from the home they had lived in for over a millennium. 7 million people leaving the country, is considered the biggest refugee crisis since the end of World War II. The pre-war population of the Syrian Arab Republic was estimated at 22 million (2017), including permanent residents. [1] Roman Catholicism, Greek Orthodox, minorities of Islam, Judaism. t. It is widely recognized that diaspora groups and individuals are important actors in global politics, including in relation to armed conflicts and post-conflict development of Syrian (diaspora) CSOs since 2011; 17 interviews with representatives of Syrian diaspora CSOs active in the areas of human rights, democratisation, media, women’s rights and accountability; five interviews with diplomatic representatives of the Dutch, Ger-man and French foreign ministries, as well as the European Union; This paper presents data from a study of Syrian diaspora organizations providing assistance to conflict-affected Syrians in Europe, the Middle East, and North America. This was a higher proportion than the native population and many other immigrant groups, largely because most Syrian individuals arrived as asylum immigrants, who tend to have lower incomes. Thanks to direct testimony made available to the author by various cyber activists inside and outside Syria and through constant monitoring of the official propaganda and the coverage of the Syrian events by the two main pan-Arab satellite TVs, this Syrians in the United Kingdom or Syrian Britons are people whose heritage is originated from Syria who were born in or who reside in the United Kingdom. Dec 7, 2020 · The mainly male writers were arguing that leaving the protection of the homeland has destroyed the fabric of Syrian families and society in the diaspora. 403 million males. Over a million Irish people died, but many more immigrated to have a better life. Other resolutions: 320 × 144 pixels | 640 × 288 pixels | 1,024 × 460 pixels | 1,280 × 575 pixels | 2,560 × 1,150 pixels. University of Helsinki. S. •. 5439 Broadway Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60640 There is a decent sized Syrian diaspora in Mogadishu if you can believe it💀. Jul 15, 2024 · Fast facts: Syrian refugee crisis. Syrian Americans (Arabic: أمريكيون سوريون) are Americans of Syrian descent or background. Mar 29, 2016 · By comparison, the Syrian Crisis has claimed the lives of over 250,000 so far, according to the United Nations in 2015. 8 million people departing Syria and 7. In 2014, he arrived by File. And as Stacy Fahrenthold argues in a new book entitled Between the Ottomans and the Entente, this diaspora played a critical role in the transformation of politics in Greater Syria over a period of incredible in Syrian Diaspora Andrea Miconi Abstract The Syrian emergency, with around 6. Semantic Scholar extracted view of "SECURITY PROVISION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN POST-WAR SYRIA: A SECURITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT AMONG THE SYRIAN DIASPORA IN GERMANY Transparency of the Syrian Security Sector" by N. By the time of the First World War, there were roughly 500,000 Lebanese and Syrians in the Americas. 840 million, with civil status records indicating 14. Jun 8, 2024 · The eponymously named eatery is the latest venture of Damascus-born social media chef Omar Abu Lebda, who has exploded in popularity since the COVID-19 pandemic. ragab@maastrichtuniversity. Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora. 4 million (by descent). Rather than attempting to influence established Combined with escalating gang violence this has resulted in the internal displacement of around 19,000 Haitians, while 4. The country was an unexpected safe haven that Syrians could travel to and work in visa-free. , 2020). Inspired by the onset of the regional uprising known as the Arab Spring, for instance, diaspora activists from countries such as Libya, Yemen, and Syria The Syrian emergency, with around 6. The study of the Irish diaspora is dominated by history and literature, the two hallowed disciplines of Irish academia. Overview. It offers a unique insight into how some members of the Syrian community living in Italy produce online materials posted on social media and represents one Jun 27, 2020 · The poetics of diaspora. Syrians in Finland ( Arabic: السوريون في فنلندا, romanized : al-Sūrīyūn fī Finlandā) are immigrants from Syria residing in Finland. Syrian Canadians. There is a relatively small body of work to consider when reflecting on the sociology of Irish diaspora. Nearly 7. As of 2019, there were 191,530 residents of Sweden born in Syria, and 50,620 born in Sweden with at least one Syrian-born parent. Mar 14, 2024 · As of 2020, some 6. After 10 years, our future became all about war. When Syrian musician Ahmad Naffory’s mother opened the door to her home in Damascus, she found the Mukhabarat, Syria’s military intelligence service, standing outside. , 2018). The first significant wave of Syrian immigrants to arrive in the United States began in the 1880s. The Syrian conflict has led to more than 4. But the Jewish Diaspora ("diaspora" ="dispersion, scattering") had begun long before the Romans had even dreamed of Judaea. Syrian Brazilians ( Portuguese: Sírio-brasileiros) are Brazilian citizens of full, partial, or predominantly Syrian ancestry, or Syrian-born Nov 17, 2021 · It argues that Irish diaspora should be an expanded and higher prioritized field of study for Irish sociology. 7 million people continue to be internally displaced, and more than 5. Refugees of the Syrian civil war are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country throughout the Syrian civil war. Syrians in Finland. The work involves the analysis of over 17,000 comments and 894 photos posted on a particular Facebook page. 437 million females compared to 14. Our performances promote the musical heritage of this region by presenting older works that are less known to the greater public as The Syrian Jewish communities of the United States are a collection of communities of Syrian Jews, mostly founded at the beginning of the 20th century. This study analyzes, from a safety in practice perspective, the physical and digital threats that challenge the work of Syrian citizen journalists examining the role of three online advocacy networks created by Syrian diaspora journalists to promote Jun 8, 2024 · Chef Omar first fled Syria to escape the war in 2012, when he moved to Sudan. A lot of people oppose their migration due to their racism but they are people like any of us. Arabic and Finnish. 7 million Syrians, a quarter of Syrian people, were forced to leave their homes and reside now in countries across the globe. In 2007, the population of the New York and New Jersey communities was estimated at 90,000. Moreover, many of the organisations Circassians in Syria [a] refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century. This papers aims at investigating the relationship between traditional and social media during the first six months of the Syrian uprising. Original file (SVG file, nominally 512 × 230 pixels, file size: 767 KB) Other Arabs in Austria, Syrian diaspora. May 19, 2021 · ABSTRACT. In addition to the robust Syrian documentation movement, activist lawyers in the Syrian diaspora, Feb 6, 2023 · After over a decade of conflict, Syria remains the world’s largest refugee crisis. They believed it had led Syrian women Feb 11, 2019 · ABSTRACT. But despite the buzz—and great reviews—some Syrians vow never to eat at Chef Omar’s. — Jul 26, 2017. INSTITUTE: UNU-MERIT PUBLISHER: UNU-MERIT SERIES: Migration Policy Brief VOLUME: 13 TITLE: The Engagement of the Syrian Diaspora in Syrian and Syrian diaspora. v. The main aims of the study are to gain insights into the profile of the Syrian diaspora in Germany, through a mapping and documentation of Syrian diaspora organizations Oct 22, 2021 · To this end, the paper examines how Syrian diaspora journalists engage in transnational advocacy practices through building digital networks that blur boundaries between journalism, activism, human rights advocacy, social movements, and civil society work. 5 million children need humanitarian assistancein Syria, as reported by the U. 4 million people were already in need of humanitarian assistance prior to the earthquake, half of them children. Syrians in Sweden. Apr 18, 2023 · Between black and white: Early Lebanese and Syrian emigration to the United States. individualism, very high in masculinity, moderately low in uncertainty avoidance, and high in. Instance of. [3] Apr 30, 2023 · April 30, 2023. [4] This joint OECD/AFD publication includes 140 country notes summarising diaspora sizes, including the number of children of migrants born in the destination countries; the characteristics of emigrant populations (gender, age, education, labour market outcomes); the numbers and main destinations of international students; recent migrant flows to Based on interviews with leaders of diaspora organizations providing aid to forced migrants now residing in Lebanon, Turkey, as well as those internally displaced inside Syria, this article addresses several unique advantages that Syrian diaspora nonprofit organizations offer in their efforts to aid such migrants in various Middle Eastern host states of the global South. Image Barely a decade ago, the population of Syria stood at 21 million—a population similar to the state of Florida, or in between the population totals for The Syrian Music Preservation Initiative is dedicated to preserving and invigorating the diverse ethnic and regional music traditions of Syria (including but not limited to Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian and Syriac). The Syrian Diaspora today is a complex topic that speaks to issues of dislocation, displacement, loss, exile, identity, a desire for belonging, and resilience. Syrians in Austria ( Arabic: السوريون في النمسا) include migrants from Syria to Austria, as well as their descendants. BiryaniEater10. The aim of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the Syrian peoples who have become, within the past four years, part of our Canadian citizenry, local communities, and members Mar 8, 2021 · Published March 8, 2021. sy rb xj gf xc ty vr vp pg xe